THE EFFECT OF NANOSILVER AND CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH ON ANAEROBIC PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS COUNTS

Objective: The necessitate for frequent application of Chlorhexidine (CHX), and other side effects has encouraged the search for option that are more suitable for patients as nanosilver mouthwash (NS). So the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a mouthwash made with nanosilver on dental plaque microbial counts and compare it with commercially available Chlorhexidine.    Methods: Sixty two plaque induced gingivitis patients were allocated into two groups and asked to rinse with 10 ml of NS and CHX, immediately after brushing, for 1 min, in the morning and evening. Sub gingival plaque microbial counts were taken at baseline, two weeks, and finally at four weeks for each patient. Subsequently, the samples were collected, transferred and cultured in blood agar in anaerobic media. The colonies were counted and expressed as CFUs. The statistical analysis between CFUs variables within groups was calculated and the variation significance was calculated by performed t-test.   Results: It is very obvious that the values of CFU decreased significantly (p<0.001) as the time of use nanosilver until reaching the highest value when the time of use was 4 weeks [70.3±47 to 32.4±24.6 (2 weeks), and 14.2±9.9 (4 weeks) with inhibition of growth rate after 2 weeks was 46% and after 4 weeks was 79.7%. The effect of commercially available CHX mouthwash was approximately similar to the effect of NS mouthwash used. Conclusion: In conclusion, both Group I and Group II showed similar effect on inhibition anaerobic periodontal pathogens counts and gingival health. There was significant inhibitory effect on microbial counts where NS mouth-wash had shown better results than CHX, but there was no significant difference between the nanosilver mouth wash and the Chlorhexidine mouthwash.                                                                                        Peer Review History: Received 12 September 2019;   Revised 2 November; Accepted 8 November, Available online 15 November 2019 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, [email protected]  UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF CARBAPENEM USE AMONG PATIENTS AT INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU) IN SANA'A, YEME

BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEMEN

Objective: Biofilm formation by uropathogens on the surface of indwelling medical devices can inflict obstinate or recurring infection, thought-provoking antimicrobial therapy.  This study included 227 patients with indwelling urinary catheters and suffering from CAUTI. They were analyzed for biofilm formation and antibiogram susceptibility, 59.4% were males and 40.6% were females. Methods: Ensuing phenotypic identification of isolated bacteria, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method following   the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2015) guidelines; Biofilm-forming uropathogens were detected by the tissue culture plate (TCA) method. Results: The predominant uropathogen in catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) was Escherichia coli 46.3%, followed by K. pneumoniae18.5%, P. aeruginosa 11.9%,7%, S. coagulase negative 5.7%, S. aureus 4.8%, Enterobacter spp. 4.4%, E. faecalis 1.3%.  The total rate of biofilm producer bacteria was 49.3% (21.1% high producers, 28.2% moderate producers). Prime biofilm producers were E. coli 60% with OR=8.6 (p=0.002), followed by K. pneumoniae 57.1% with OR=10.1 (p=0.002), and P. aeruginosa 37% with OR=6.6 (p=0.02). Gram-negative biofilm producers found 100%, 100%, 88.6%, 82.9%, 81.9%, 80.9%, and 72.4%, 40%, 33% resistant to ampicillin , amoxyclave, cotrimoxazole,  ceftraxone, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, nitrofurantoin and amikacin respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, a high antimicrobial resistance was observed in biofilm producers than non-biofilm producers. Of recommended antimicrobial therapies for CAUTIs, ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the least active antibiotics, whereas imipenem and amikacin were found as the most effectual for gram-negative biofilm producer. Likewise, penicillin and erythromycin were the least active antibiotics, whereas vancomycin, and rifampicin were found as the most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive biofilm producer.                                 Peer Review History: Received 10 December 2019;   Revised 26 December; Accepted 4 January, Available online 15 January 2020 Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES PREVALENCE OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA SKIN-NASOPHARYNGEAL COLONIZATION IN THE IN-PATIENTS: PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SANA'A CITY -YEMEN PREVALENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND RISK FACTORS OF MRSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS AMONG MILITARY PATIENTS AT 48 MEDICAL COMPOUND IN SANA'A CITY-YEMEN PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (P. AERUGINOSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEME

PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN DENTAL INFECTIONS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MRSA IN ISOLATES

Objectives:  Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunist that causes systemic infections and dental infections in the human being body. This organism increases its resistance to many categories of antibiotics all day and turn out to be more resistant, and this led to a growing feeling of concern in this era. Given this fact, the aims of this study were to determine the frequency of S. aureus in oral infections and to determine the prevalence of MRSA strains and the sensitivity of isolated S. aureus to antibiotics, in patients who attended dental clinics in major public hospitals and private clinics in the city of Sana'a-Yemen. Subjects and methods:  The study was conducted for a year, early in December 2018 and ending in November 2019. The study included 296 patients, 153 male and 143 female, ages 5 to 65, with an average age of 36.2 years. Demographic and clinical data were collected in questionnaire, then pus or oral swabs were collected from patients, cultivated, isolated and identified by standard laboratory techniques. MRSA was ascertained by means of the method of disc diffusion to 1µg of oxicillin disc and 5 µg of methacillin disc; an antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out by disc diffusion method of selected antibiotics.The oral  infections include  dental abscesses,  periodontal abscesses, gingivitis, periodentitis, dental caries,  pulpitis and oral thrush. Results:  Of a total of 296 cultured pus and swabs, only 217 produced a positive culture (73.3%). Gram-positive bacteria formed 67.4% of the total isolates where S. aureus was the predominant pathogen (43.1%).  The prevalence of MRSA was 23.5%. There was a higher rate of antibiotic resistance tested in MRSA isolates compared to a lower rate of resistance in MSSA as well as 22.2% of MRSA isolates were vancomycin resistant, while only 11.4% of MSSA were vancomycin resistant. Conclusion:  It can be concluded, S. aureus was the most widespread isolate in dental infections, high rate of  MRSA,  the appearance of S. aureus isolates resistant to vancomycin and other broad choice of antibiotics have raised MRSA in oral infections into a multi-drug-resistant, making it more and more hazardous in oral infections. Consistent assessment of oral associated infections and observing the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity and strict drug policy for antibiotics are recommended.                        Peer Review History: Received 16 April 2020; Revised 2 May; Accepted 12 May, Available online 15 May 2020 Academic Editor:Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mohamed Awad Mousnad, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected] Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN PREVALENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND RISK FACTORS OF MRSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS AMONG MILITARY PATIENTS AT 48 MEDICAL COMPOUND IN SANA'A CITY-YEME

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, NANO SILVER AND CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST MONO-SPECIES BIOFILMS OF SELECTED MICROORGANISMS OF ORAL SOURCES

Background: Among the measures involved in the control of endodontic infection, irrigation is an important factor in the elimination of microorganisms present in the open root canal. It is known that mechanical debridement alone does not result in a complete or permanent reduction of bacteria, therefore antimicrobial agents are used as an aid to mechanical cleaning to completely kill or reduce the number of microorganisms. Aim:  To investigate the antimicrobial activity of 2.5%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2.0% chlorhexidine liquid and as the first new study of 60 mg/L silver nanoparticles as an endodontic-irrigating substances against single-species biofilms. Methods: Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans oral sources were produced on a cellulose nitrate membrane placed on agar medium. Membrane filters were transferred to tubes containing 2 mL of fresh broth medium plus neutralizers. Microorganisms were suspended using a vortex, and the inoculum was serially diluted 10-fold. Aliquots of the dilutions were placed on 5% blood agar medium and incubated under appropriate gaseous conditions. Colony forming units were calculated. Results:  The antimicrobial agents in liquid presentation, especially 5.25% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine, and 2% nano-silver liquid killed the tested microorganisms more rapidly with mean rank equal to 1.4, 1.9, and 1.6, respectively. Saline did not inhibit the growth of any of the tested microorganisms, as it was statistically (p < 0.05) different for NaOCl, Nano-silver and chlorhexidine. Conclusions:  Preferring agents in liquid supply to get rid of biofilm microorganisms, especially 5.25% NaOCl and 60mg/L nanosilver liquid.                         Peer Review History: Received: 9 January 2022; Revised: 11 February; Accepted: 9 March, Available online: 15 March 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected] Similar Articles: INVESTIGATION OF LIPOIDIAL CONTENTS AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FORSSKAOLEA VIRIDIS AND TRICHODESMA EHRENBERGII WILDLY DISTRIBUTED IN EGYPT ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA. (GUAVA) MEDICINAL PLANT LEAVES USED IN FOLK MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND BURNS IN HUFASH DISTRICT AL MAHWEET GOVERNORATE–YEMEN ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES FOR HADHRAMI HONEY ON GROWTH OF SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERI